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Rethinking Importance Sampling in LLM Policy Optimization: A Cumulative Token Perspective

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Abstract:Reinforcement studying, together with reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR), has emerged as a powerful method for LLM put up-coaching. Central to these approaches is the design of the significance sampling (IS) ratio utilized in off-policy policy-gradient estimation. Existing strategies face a fundamental bias-variance dilemma: token-level IS ratios, as adopted by PPO (Schulman et al., 2017) and GRPO (Shao et al., 2024), introduce bias by ignoring prefix state distribution mismatch; full sequence ratios provide precise trajectory-level correction but endure from high variance because of the multiplicative accumulation of per-token ratios, agreement computer while GSPO (Zheng et al., 2025) improves numerical stability through size normalization at the price of deviating from the precise full-sequence IS correction. We prove that, below the token-stage coverage-gradient formulation, this ratio provides an unbiased prefix correction for every token-stage gradient term and has strictly lower variance than the full sequence ratio. This yields more consistent regularization throughout token positions. We implement and evaluate CTPO in the software-integrated reasoning setting on a number of challenging mathematical reasoning benchmarks, attaining the most effective average efficiency throughout both mannequin scales in contrast with sturdy GRPO and GSPO baselines. Code will probably be available at this https URL. Considered one of the best challenges for growing businesses within the UK and UAE is scaling their intake without scaling their stress. As lead volume grows, the “Passive” mannequin turns into a nightmare to handle. Just a few damaged webhooks a month is a nuisance; a couple of dozen is a catastrophe. 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